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Immunodeficiency refers to a group of diseases in which the immune system does not function normally. A normal immune system will attack what is seen as a foreign invader, like bacteria and viruses. When the immune system does not work properly, a person is more likely to suffer from frequent and longer-lasting infections, often from organisms that usually don’t make most people sick. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired (“secondary”), but some people are born with defects in the immune system (a “primary” immunodeficiency).
People with immunodeficiency disorders experience recurrent ear infections, sinusitis, bronchitis or pneumonia. It is common for children with immunodeficiencies to develop thrush (a fungal infection of the mouth) and other infections of the skin and mucous membranes in the eyes, mouth and genital area. Gastrointestinal infections may cause diarrhea, weight loss and failure to thrive.
A patient will have a comprehensive assessment, including a medical history, a complete physical examination and laboratory tests. The type of infection that a patient has experienced helps to determine the type of immunodeficiency disorder.
There is no cure for immunodeficiency disorders. The goal of treatment is to control infections and maintain the patient’s quality of life. Infections are treated with antibiotics, which are sometimes taken on a regular schedule for preventive treatment. Patients with low antibody levels may be given injections of immunoglobulins (antibodies) to increase antibody levels.